Shopping on line can be easy, simple and save you lots of money. It can also take a lot of your time, frustrate you, and result in unwanted purchases. Now the same can be said for regular high street shopping, but with the vast opportunity presented by the Internet it will pay you to spend a few minutes reading this and understanding how to better optimize your Sanitation shopping experience:
1. Compare - without doubt the biggest advantage that the Sanitation offers shoppers today is the ability to compare thousands of Sanitation at a time. This is a great thing, but not necessarily all the time! Too much can be daunting at times so take advantage of the great comparison sites and where possible let them do the hard work for you.
2. Research - if it has been said it will be on the internet. Ignorance is no longer a justifiable reason for buying the wrong thing. Take the time to research in detail everything that you could possible want to know about
3. Testimonials - don't know anybody that has bought a Sanitation? Wrong! If the Sanitation is good the internet will let you know. Use the Internet as a friend and get testimonials before you buy.
4. Questions - Got a question about Sanitation then search the Forums, FAQ's, Blogs etc. Don't be afraid to ask .....
5. Reputation - Never heard of the company selling Sanitation? Don't worry, no reason why you should know every company in the world, but you know someone that does! Use the internet to find out what people are saying about Sanitation and build up a picture of their reputation for sales, returns, customer service, delivery etc.
6. Returns - still worried that even after all of the above your Sanitation wont be what you want? Check out the returns policy. There is so much competition now that someone, somewhere is bound to offer the terms that you are comfortable with.
7. Feedback - happy with your Sanitation then let people know, after all you are depending on others people input in your buying decision, so why not give a little back.
8. Security - check for the yellow padlock on the Sanitation site before you buy, and the s after http:/ /i.e. https:// = a secure site
9. Contact - got a question about Sanitation, or want to leave a comment then check out the sites contact page. Reputable companies have them and respond.
10. Payment - ready to pay for your Sanitation, then use your credit card or PayPal! Be aware of companies that don't accept them, there may be genuine reasons but given the huge amount of choice you have when buying online there is no reason at all not to buy via credit card or PayPal.
bacteria under magnification
Sanitation is the hygienic means of preventing human contact from the hazards of wastes to promote health. Hazards can be either physical, microbiological, biological or chemical agents of disease. Wastes that can cause health problems are human and animal feces, solid wastes, domestic wastewater (sewage, urine, sullage, greywater), industrial wastes, and agricultural wastes. Hygienic means of prevention can be by using engineering solutions (e.g. sewerage and wastewater treatment), simple technologies (e.g.latrines, septic tanks), or even by personal hygiene practices (e.g. simple handwashing with soap).
The term "
sanitation" can be applied to a specific aspect, concept, location, or strategy, such as:
Basic sanitation - refers to the management of human feces at the household level. This terminology is the indicator used to describe the target of the Millennium Development Goal on sanitation.
On-site sanitation - the collection and teatment of waste is done where it is deposited. Examples are the use of pit latrines, septic tanks, and imhoff tanks.
Food sanitation - refers to the hygienic measures for ensuring food safety.
Environmental sanitation - the control of environmental factors that form links in disease transmission. Subsets of this category are solid waste management, water and wastewater treatment, industrial waste treatment and noise and pollution control.
Ecological sanitation - a concept and an approach of recycling to nature the nutrients from human and animal wastes.
Sanitation and wastewater
Wastewater collection
The standard sanitation technology in urban areas is the collection of wastewater in sewers, its treatment in
wastewater treatment plants for reuse or disposal in rivers, lakes or the sea. Sewers are either combined with
storm drains or separated from them as
sanitary sewers. Combined sewers are usually found in the central, older parts or urban areas. Heavy rainfall and inadequate maintenance can lead to combined sewer overflows or
sanitary sewer overflows, i.e. more or less diluted raw sewage being discharged into the environment. Industries often discharge wastewater into municipal sewers, which can complicate wastewater treatment unless industries pre-treat their discharges..
Environmental Biotechnology: Advancement in Water And Wastewater Application, edited by Z. Ujang, IWA Proceedings, Malaysia (2003)
The high investment cost of conventional wastewater collection systems are difficult to afford for many developing countries. Some countries have therefore promoted alternative wastewater collection systems such as condominial sewerage, which uses smaller diameter pipes at lower depth with different network layouts from conventional sewerage.
Wastewater treatment
plant,
Australia.
In developed countries treatment of municipal wastewater is now widespread, Typical U.S. water treatment standards but not yet universal (for an overview of technologies see wastewater treatment). In developing countries most wastewater is still discharge untreated into the environment. For example, in Latin America only about 15% of collected sewerage is being treated (see water and sanitation in Latin America)
Reuse of wastewater
The reuse of untreated wastewater in irrigated agriculture is common in developing countries. The reuse of treated wastewater in landscaping (esp. on golf courses), irrigated agriculture and for industrial use is becoming increasingly widespread.
In many peri-urban and rural areas households are not connected to sewers. They discharge their wastewater into septic tanks or other types of on-site sanitation.
Ecological sanitation
Ecological sanitation is sometimes presented as a radical alternative to conventional sanitation systems. Ecological sanitation is based on the separation of urine and feces at the source for sanitization and recycling. It thus eliminates fecal pathogens from the wastewater flow. If ecological sanitation is practiced municipal wastewater consists of
greywater, which can be recycled for gardening. However, in most cases greywater continues to be discharged to sewers.
Sanitation and public health
The importance of waste isolation lies in an effort to prevent water and sanitation related diseases, which afflicts both developed countries as well as
developing countries to differing degrees. It is estimated that up to 5 million people die each year from preventable water-borne disease Pacific Institute, as a result of inadequate sanitation and hygiene practices.
Global access to improved sanitation
The Joint Monitoring Program for water and sanitation of
WHO and
UNICEF has defined improved sanitation as
- connection to a public sewer
- connection to a septic system
- pour-flush latrine
- simple pit latrine
- ventilated improved pit latrine
According to that definition, 59% of the world population had access to improved sanitation in 2004. Only slightly more than half of them or 31% of the world population lived in houses connected to a sewer. Overall, 2.6 billion people lacked access to improved sanitation and thus had to resort to open defecation or other unsanitary forms of defecation, such as public latrines or open pit latrines. This outcome presents substantial public health risks as the waste could contaminate
drinking water and cause life threatening forms of diarrhea to infants.
In developed countries, where less than 20% of the world population lives, 99% of the population has access to improved sanitation and 81% were connected to sewers.
Solid waste disposal
,
Israel.Disposal of
solid waste is most commonly conducted in
landfills, but incineration, recycling,
composting and conversion to
biofuels are also avenues. In the case of landfills, advanced countries typically have rigid protocols for
daily cover with topsoil, where underdeveloped countries customarily rely upon less stringent proocolsGeorge Tchobanoglous and Frank Kreith
Handbook of Solid Waste Management, McGraw Hill (2002). The importance of daily cover lies in the reduction of vector contact and spreading of pathogens. Daily cover also minimises odour emissions and reduces windblown litter. Likewise, developed countries typically have requirements for perimeter sealing of the landfill with clay-type soils to minimize migration of
leachate that could contaminate groundwater (and hence jeopardize some drinking water supplies).
For incineration options, the release of air pollutants, including certain toxic components is an attendant adverse outcome. Recycling and biofuel conversion are the sustainable options that generally have superior life cycle costs, particularly when total
ecological consequences are consideredWilliam D. Robinson,
The Solid Waste Handbook: A Practical Guide, John Wiley and sons (1986). Composting value will ultimately be limited by the market demand for compost product.
Sanitation in the food industry
food preparation area.Sanititation within the food industry means to the adequate treatment of food-contact surfaces by aprocess that is effective in destroying vegetative cells of
microorganisms of
public health significance, and in substantially reducing numbers of other undesirable microorganisms, but withoutadversely affecting the product or its safety for the consumer (FDA,
Code of Federal Regulations, 21CFR110, USA).
Additionally, in the food and Biopharmaceutical industries, the term sanitary equipment means equipment that is fully cleanable using Clean-in-place (CIP), and
Sterilization in place (
SIP) procedures: that is fully drainable from
cleaning solutions and other
liquids. The design should have a minimum amount of deadleg Treatment of deadleg plumbing areas or areas where the turbulence during cleaning is not enough to remove product deposits. In general, to improve cleanability, this equipment is made from
Stainless Steel 316L, (an
alloy containing small amounts of
molybdenum). The surface is usually
electropolished to an effective surface roughness of less than 0.5 micrometre, to reduce the possibility of
bacterial adhesion to the surface.
History
The earliest evidence of urban sanitation was seen in
Harappa, Mohenjo-daro and the recently discovered Rakhigarhi of
Indus Valley civilisation. This urban plan included the world's first urban sanitation systems. Within the city, individual homes or groups of homes obtained water from wells. From a room that appears to have been set aside for bathing, waste water was directed to covered drains, which lined the major streets. Houses opened only to inner courtyards and smaller lanes.
Although the Ancient Rome had some elements of sanitation systems, especially related to wastewater collection and transport away from populated areas, there is little record of sanitation in Europe until the High Middle Ages. Unsanitary conditions were widespread throughout Europe and
Asia throughout the Middle Ages, but there were no cataclysmic results until the 1300s when
overpopulation of some regions created
overcrowding and magnified the impacts of lack of sanitation.Carlo M. Cipolla,
Before the Industrial Revolution: European Society and Economy 1000-1700, W.W. Norton and Company, London (1980) ISBN 0-393-95115-4 Between 1348 and 1351 the plague killed 25 million Europeans or almost one third of the entire population.
Very high infant and child mortality prevailed in Europe throughout medieval times, due not only to deficiencies in sanitation but to insufficient food for the population that had expanded faster than agricultureBurnett White,
Natural History of Infectious Diseases. Thus sanitation and food supply are looked upon as the balances of rapidly population in the period 1300 to 1600 in most of Europe, especially for the towns.
References
in
New York City.
See also
Translations for: Sanitation
Français (French)
n. - installations sanitaires
Español (Spanish)
n. - higiene, saneamiento
中文（简体） (Chinese (Simplified))
n. - 公共卫生, 环境卫生, 下水道设施, 卫生设备, 盥洗设备
中文（繁體） (Chinese (Traditional))
n. - 公共衛生, 環境衛生, 下水道設施, 衛生設備, 盥洗設備
العربيه (Arabic)
n. - (الاسم) جعل ألشيء صحيا
Русский (Russian)
n. - оздоровление, санация, улучшение санитарных условий, санитария, санитарная профилактика, водопровод и канализация, ассенизация
Dansk (Danish)
n. - hygiejne, sanitetsvæsen, sanitet, teknisk hygiejne
Nederlands (Dutch)
n. - afvalverwerking, rioolwaterzuivering
Deutsch (German)
n. - Kanalisation, Hygiene
Ελληνική (Greek)
n. - υγιεινή, εξυγίανση, αποκομιδή αποβλήτων και σκουπιδιών από σπίτια
Italiano (Italian)
n. - igiene, fognature, nettezza urbana
Português (Portuguese)
n. - saneamento (m)
Svenska (Swedish)
n. - renhållning, sanitär utrustning, sanitära anläggningar, hälsovård
한국어 (Korean)
n. - 공중 위생, 위생 시설, 하수구 설비
日本語 (Japanese)
n. - 公衆衛生, 衛生設備
עברית (Hebrew)
n. - תברואה, סניטציה, גהות
বাংলা (Bengali)
n. - পরিচ্ছন্নতা
Pilipino (Tagalog)
n. sanitasyon; gawaing pangkalinisan
External links
- The 2006 UNDP Human Development Report: Beyond scarcity: Power, poverty and the global water crisis - Chapter 3: The vast deficit in sanitation accessed on August 22, 2007
- Water Supply and Sanitation, World Bank accessed on August 22, 2007
- Early urban sanitation in ancient India
- Sanitation coverage vs. population growth: an encouraging trend
- Daily cover in landfills
bacteria under magnification
Sanitation is the hygienic means of preventing human contact from the hazards of wastes to promote health. Hazards can be either physical, microbiological, biological or chemical agents of disease. Wastes that can cause health problems are human and animal feces, solid wastes, domestic wastewater (sewage, urine, sullage, greywater), industrial wastes, and agricultural wastes. Hygienic means of prevention can be by using engineering solutions (e.g. sewerage and wastewater treatment), simple technologies (e.g.latrines, septic tanks), or even by personal hygiene practices (e.g. simple handwashing with soap).
The term "
sanitation" can be applied to a specific aspect, concept, location, or strategy, such as:
Basic sanitation - refers to the management of human feces at the household level. This terminology is the indicator used to describe the target of the Millennium Development Goal on sanitation.
On-site sanitation - the collection and teatment of waste is done where it is deposited. Examples are the use of pit latrines, septic tanks, and imhoff tanks.
Food sanitation - refers to the hygienic measures for ensuring food safety.
Environmental sanitation - the control of environmental factors that form links in disease transmission. Subsets of this category are solid waste management, water and wastewater treatment, industrial waste treatment and noise and pollution control.
Ecological sanitation - a concept and an approach of recycling to nature the nutrients from human and animal wastes.
Sanitation and wastewater
Wastewater collection
The standard sanitation technology in urban areas is the collection of wastewater in sewers, its treatment in
wastewater treatment plants for
reuse or disposal in rivers, lakes or the sea. Sewers are either combined with storm drains or separated from them as
sanitary sewers. Combined sewers are usually found in the central, older parts or urban areas. Heavy rainfall and inadequate maintenance can lead to combined sewer overflows or
sanitary sewer overflows, i.e. more or less diluted raw sewage being discharged into the environment. Industries often discharge wastewater into municipal sewers, which can complicate wastewater treatment unless industries pre-treat their discharges..
Environmental Biotechnology: Advancement in Water And Wastewater Application, edited by Z. Ujang, IWA Proceedings, Malaysia (2003)
The high investment cost of conventional wastewater collection systems are difficult to afford for many
developing countries. Some countries have therefore promoted alternative wastewater collection systems such as condominial sewerage, which uses smaller diameter pipes at lower depth with different network layouts from conventional sewerage.
Wastewater treatment
plant, Australia.
In developed countries treatment of municipal wastewater is now widespread, Typical U.S. water treatment standards but not yet universal (for an overview of technologies see wastewater treatment). In
developing countries most wastewater is still discharge untreated into the environment. For example, in Latin America only about 15% of collected sewerage is being treated (see water and sanitation in Latin America)
Reuse of wastewater
The reuse of untreated wastewater in irrigated agriculture is common in developing countries. The reuse of treated wastewater in landscaping (esp. on golf courses), irrigated agriculture and for industrial use is becoming increasingly widespread.
In many peri-urban and rural areas households are not connected to sewers. They discharge their wastewater into septic tanks or other types of on-site sanitation.
Ecological sanitation
Ecological sanitation is sometimes presented as a radical alternative to conventional sanitation systems. Ecological sanitation is based on the separation of urine and feces at the source for sanitization and recycling. It thus eliminates fecal pathogens from the wastewater flow. If ecological sanitation is practiced municipal wastewater consists of greywater, which can be recycled for gardening. However, in most cases greywater continues to be discharged to sewers.
Sanitation and public health
The importance of waste isolation lies in an effort to prevent water and sanitation related diseases, which afflicts both developed countries as well as
developing countries to differing degrees. It is estimated that up to 5 million people die each year from preventable water-borne disease Pacific Institute, as a result of inadequate sanitation and hygiene practices.
Global access to improved sanitation
The Joint Monitoring Program for water and sanitation of
WHO and
UNICEF has defined improved sanitation as
- connection to a public sewer
- connection to a septic system
- pour-flush latrine
- simple pit latrine
- ventilated improved pit latrine
According to that definition, 59% of the world population had access to improved sanitation in 2004. Only slightly more than half of them or 31% of the world population lived in houses connected to a sewer. Overall, 2.6 billion people lacked access to improved sanitation and thus had to resort to open defecation or other unsanitary forms of defecation, such as public latrines or open pit latrines. This outcome presents substantial public health risks as the waste could contaminate drinking water and cause life threatening forms of
diarrhea to infants.
In developed countries, where less than 20% of the world population lives, 99% of the population has access to improved sanitation and 81% were connected to sewers.
Solid waste disposal
, Israel.Disposal of solid waste is most commonly conducted in
landfills, but incineration, recycling,
composting and conversion to biofuels are also avenues. In the case of landfills,
advanced countries typically have rigid protocols for
daily cover with topsoil, where
underdeveloped countries customarily rely upon less stringent proocolsGeorge Tchobanoglous and Frank Kreith
Handbook of Solid Waste Management, McGraw Hill (2002). The importance of daily cover lies in the reduction of vector contact and spreading of
pathogens. Daily cover also minimises odour emissions and reduces windblown litter. Likewise, developed countries typically have requirements for perimeter sealing of the landfill with clay-type soils to minimize migration of leachate that could contaminate
groundwater (and hence jeopardize some
drinking water supplies).
For incineration options, the release of
air pollutants, including certain toxic components is an attendant adverse outcome. Recycling and biofuel conversion are the sustainable options that generally have superior life cycle costs, particularly when total
ecological consequences are consideredWilliam D. Robinson,
The Solid Waste Handbook: A Practical Guide, John Wiley and sons (1986). Composting value will ultimately be limited by the market demand for compost product.
Sanitation in the food industry
food preparation area.Sanititation within the food industry means to the adequate treatment of food-contact surfaces by aprocess that is effective in destroying vegetative cells of
microorganisms of public health significance, and in substantially reducing numbers of other undesirable microorganisms, but withoutadversely affecting the product or its safety for the consumer (FDA,
Code of Federal Regulations, 21CFR110, USA).
Additionally, in the food and Biopharmaceutical industries, the term sanitary equipment means equipment that is fully cleanable using Clean-in-place (CIP), and Sterilization in place (
SIP) procedures: that is fully drainable from
cleaning solutions and other
liquids. The design should have a minimum amount of deadleg Treatment of deadleg plumbing areas or areas where the turbulence during cleaning is not enough to remove product deposits. In general, to improve cleanability, this equipment is made from Stainless Steel 316L, (an alloy containing small amounts of molybdenum). The surface is usually
electropolished to an effective surface roughness of less than 0.5 micrometre, to reduce the possibility of bacterial adhesion to the surface.
History
The earliest evidence of urban sanitation was seen in
Harappa, Mohenjo-daro and the recently discovered
Rakhigarhi of Indus Valley civilisation. This urban plan included the world's first urban sanitation systems. Within the city, individual homes or groups of homes obtained water from wells. From a room that appears to have been set aside for bathing, waste water was directed to covered drains, which lined the major streets. Houses opened only to inner courtyards and smaller lanes.
Although the Ancient Rome had some elements of sanitation systems, especially related to
wastewater collection and transport away from populated areas, there is little record of sanitation in Europe until the
High Middle Ages. Unsanitary conditions were widespread throughout
Europe and Asia throughout the Middle Ages, but there were no cataclysmic results until the 1300s when
overpopulation of some regions created
overcrowding and magnified the impacts of lack of sanitation.Carlo M. Cipolla,
Before the Industrial Revolution: European Society and Economy 1000-1700, W.W. Norton and Company, London (1980) ISBN 0-393-95115-4 Between 1348 and 1351 the plague killed 25 million Europeans or almost one third of the entire population.
Very high infant and child mortality prevailed in Europe throughout
medieval times, due not only to deficiencies in sanitation but to insufficient food for the population that had expanded faster than agricultureBurnett White,
Natural History of Infectious Diseases. Thus sanitation and food supply are looked upon as the balances of rapidly population in the period 1300 to 1600 in most of Europe, especially for the towns.
References
in
New York City.
See also
Translations for: Sanitation
Français (French)
n. - installations sanitaires
Español (Spanish)
n. - higiene, saneamiento
中文（简体） (Chinese (Simplified))
n. - 公共卫生, 环境卫生, 下水道设施, 卫生设备, 盥洗设备
中文（繁體） (Chinese (Traditional))
n. - 公共衛生, 環境衛生, 下水道設施, 衛生設備, 盥洗設備
العربيه (Arabic)
n. - (الاسم) جعل ألشيء صحيا
Русский (Russian)
n. - оздоровление, санация, улучшение санитарных условий, санитария, санитарная профилактика, водопровод и канализация, ассенизация
Dansk (Danish)
n. - hygiejne, sanitetsvæsen, sanitet, teknisk hygiejne
Nederlands (Dutch)
n. - afvalverwerking, rioolwaterzuivering
Deutsch (German)
n. - Kanalisation, Hygiene
Ελληνική (Greek)
n. - υγιεινή, εξυγίανση, αποκομιδή αποβλήτων και σκουπιδιών από σπίτια
Italiano (Italian)
n. - igiene, fognature, nettezza urbana
Português (Portuguese)
n. - saneamento (m)
Svenska (Swedish)
n. - renhållning, sanitär utrustning, sanitära anläggningar, hälsovård
한국어 (Korean)
n. - 공중 위생, 위생 시설, 하수구 설비
日本語 (Japanese)
n. - 公衆衛生, 衛生設備
עברית (Hebrew)
n. - תברואה, סניטציה, גהות
বাংলা (Bengali)
n. - পরিচ্ছন্নতা
Pilipino (Tagalog)
n. sanitasyon; gawaing pangkalinisan
External links
- The 2006 UNDP Human Development Report: Beyond scarcity: Power, poverty and the global water crisis - Chapter 3: The vast deficit in sanitation accessed on August 22, 2007
- Water Supply and Sanitation, World Bank accessed on August 22, 2007
- Early urban sanitation in ancient India
- Sanitation coverage vs. population growth: an encouraging trend
- Daily cover in landfills
Sanitation | WaterAid
The need ... The details you provide on this page will not be used to send unsolicited e-mail, and will not be sold to a third party.
WaterAid UK site
International NGO dedicated exclusively to the provision of safe domestic water, sanitation and hygiene education to the world's poorest people.
Sanitation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Sanitation is the hygienic means of preventing human contact from the hazards of wastes to promote health. Hazards can be either physical, microbiological, biological or chemical ...
WELL - Resource Centre Network for Water, Sanitation and Environmental ...
Latest News. Now available: Learn@ WELL. Emergency Water Supply & Sanitation Module. New Publications. WELL INTRANET. Did you find what you were ...
Portable Sanitation Europe Ltd
Directory of UK based companies specialising in the hire, supply and maintenance of chemical Toilets and associated equipment.
SANITATION PRODUCTS :: CAMPING-ONLINE LTD
our local rate number 0845 2591407 carriage is £5.00 and free carriage over £150.00 (except marquees)
The University of Edinburgh - WATER AND SANITATION IN INTERNATIONAL ...
Welcome to the Water and Sanitation in International Development and Disaster Relief website. ... WATER AND SANITATION IN INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND DISASTER RELIEF Edinburgh ...
WHO | Sanitation
Sanitation generally refers to the provision of facilities and services for the safe disposal of human urine and faeces. Inadequate sanitation is a major cause of disease world ...
The Sanitation Scandal
Lack of sanitation is a major global crisis. While progress has been promised, with Millennium Development Goal 7 committing governments to halving the number of people without ...
Water and sanitation in Zambia and Zimbabwe
Across Southern Africa, millions of people do not have access to clean water or adequate sanitation facilities. The problem is particularly severe for those living with HIV and ...
